United Nations University – Institute for Water, Environment and Health, Hamilton, Canada
Beyond sushi wrap: Expanding number of valuable uses drives astonishing growth of seaweed farming; Experts urge burgeoning industry to learn lessons from agriculture, fisheries
A rising number of valuable uses being found for seaweed — from food and fertilizer to pharmaceuticals and industrial gels — is driving the rapid growth of an industry that could easily and needlessly drop into some of the same pitfalls previously experienced in both agriculture and fish farming.
Drawing on the expertise of 21 institutions worldwide, UN University’s Canadian-based Institute for Water, Environment and Health, and the Scottish Association for Marine Science, a UNU associate institute, today published policy advice to the burgeoning, multi-billion dollar industry to help it avoid expensive mistakes and pursue best practices, backed by relevant case studies involving crops like bananas and shrimp.
The authors note that seaweed farms now produce more than 25 million metric tonnes annually. The global value of the crop, US$6.4 billion (2014), exceeds that of the world’s lemons and limes.
Seaweed farming has grown from the late 1950s into an industry offering sustainable employment in developing and emerging economies, notably China (which produces over half of the global total of seaweed — 12.8 million tonnes) and Indonesia (27% of global production — 6.5 million tonnes). Other major producers include the Republic of Korea and the Philippines.
Among the industry’s many wide-ranging benefits:
- With fisheries stagnating, cultivating seaweed helps fill a gap and “is widely perceived as one of the most environmentally benign types of aquaculture activity, as it does not require additional feed or fertilisers,” the authors say. Consequently, it has been actively promoted by government initiatives, particularly in many developing countries where communities have reduced access to alternative livelihoods or are involved in destructive fishing methods like dynamite fishing.
- Increasingly, seaweed cultivation is also being integrated with intensive fish farming to provide nursery grounds for juvenile commercial fish and crustaceans, and to filter undesired nutrients, improve the marine environment and reduce eutrophication.
- Indirectly, seaweed farming has reduced over-fishing in many regions, providing coastal communities with an alternative livelihood. In some places, women have become economically active for the first time.
Most of the seaweed produced is used for human consumption with much of the remainder used largely as a nutritious additive to animal feed or as a fertiliser.
In the last decade, seaweed cultivation has been rapidly expanding thanks to growing demand for its use in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and antimicrobial products, as well as biotechnological applications.
Seaweed today is used in some toothpastes, skin care products and cosmetics, paints and several industrial products, including adhesives, dyes and gels. Seaweed is also used in landscaping or to combat beach erosion.
Problems of rapid expansion
“The rapid expansion of any industry, however, can result in unforeseen ecological and societal consequences,” according to the authors.
Communities that come to depend on a single crop for their livelihood become highly vulnerable to a disease outbreak, as happened in the Philippines between 2011 and 2013 when a bacteria that whitens the branches of a valuable seaweed species caused a devastating loss to the communities involved, estimated at over US$ 310 million.
The authors say the industry needs to guard against non-indigenous pests and pathogens, to promote genetic diversity of seaweed stocks and to raise awareness of mistakes in farm management practices (such as placing the cultivation nets too close together, making the crop more vulnerable to disease transfer and natural disasters).
“In addition, the illegal use of algicides / pesticides, with unknown but likely detrimental consequences for the wider marine environment, user conflicts for valuable coastal resources and rising dissatisfaction over the low gate prices for the crop can all result in negative impacts on the industry.”
The experts note that increasing demands being placed on the marine environment and competition for maritime space (renewable energy, aquaculture, fisheries, et cetera) necessitates coordination and co-operation between different users, an ecosystem-wide management approach and marine spatial planning (MSP) for aquaculture, alongside regulation to protect the wider marine environment.
In a nutshell, the key points for the seaweed industry come down to:
- Biosecurity — preventing the introduction of disease and non-indigenous pests and pathogens
- Investing in risk assessment and early disease detection
- Building know-how and capacity within the sector
- Cooperative planning to anticipate and resolve conflicts between competing interests in finite coastal marine resources, and
- Establishing management policies and institutions at both national and international levels
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Comments
“Rapidly increasing seaweed cultivation globally will be good for commerce and open up a range of new products, but we must also try to minimise any negative effects that this industry may have on coastal marine environments. The seaweed industry must be developed in a sustainable way that considers not just how to maximise profits but maintain the highest biosecurity standards to prevent the introduction of pests and disease. It will also be crucial to develop new indigenous disease-resistant strains of seaweed, wherever possible.”
Lead author Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook, SAMS
“There is an ever-increasing demand being placed on the marine environment through renewable energy, traditional aquaculture, fisheries and transport, so we must ensure that any new industry works alongside these sectors in order to preserve, and indeed improve, the health of our oceans.”
Author Nidhi Nagabhatla, Program Officer, UNU-INWEH
“The growth of the seaweed industry in the past half century constitutes an important success story and it continues to expand to the benefit of some of the world’s most impoverished people. But the industry needs to learn fast from other sectors to ensure that it remains sustainable.”
Vladimir Smakhtin, Director, UNU-INWEH
“The seaweed industry in Asia has been growing rapidly for the best part of 60 years, but Europe has only recently woken up to the economic potential of seaweed cultivation. Interest in the West has been sparked by the wide range of seaweed applications, from health foods through to fuel, that can be produced in a sustainable way and has little environmental impact. As the only marine science institute to have associated institute status with the UNU, we are proud to be involved with helping to lead the discussion on this increasingly important topic.”
Nicholas Owens, Director, SAMS
The UNU-INWEH / SAMS Policy Brief, is available in full at http://www.
Citation:
Cottier-Cook, E.J., Nagabhatla, N., Badis, Y., Campbell, M., Chopin, T, Dai, W, Fang, J., He, P, Hewitt, C, Kim, G. H., Huo, Y, Jiang, Z, Kema, G, Li, X, Liu, F, Liu, H, Liu, Y, Lu, Q, Luo, Q, Mao, Y, Msuya, F. E, Rebours, C, Shen, H., Stentiford, G. D., Yarish, C, Wu, H, Yang, X, Zhang, J, Zhou, Y, Gachon, C. M. M. (2016). Safeguarding the future of the global seaweed aquaculture industry. United Nations University and Scottish Association for Marine Science Policy Brief. ISBN 978-92-808-6080-1. 12pp.
The UNU Institute for Water, Environment and Health is a member of the United Nations University family of organizations. It is a UN Think Tank on Water and its mission is to help resolve pressing water challenges of concern to the UN Member States through science synthesis, cutting edge targeted research, application of on-the-ground science-based scalable solutions and targeted public outreach.
It is supported by the Government of Canada and hosted by McMaster University.
The Scottish Association for Marine Science is Scotland’s largest and oldest independent marine science organisation, dedicated to delivering marine science for a healthy and sustainable marine environment through research, education, business development and public engagement. Based near Oban on the Scottish west coast, SAMS is an associate institute of the United Nations University. Its research strengths include marine renewables, aquaculture, marine biotechnology, marine policy, deep-sea systems, climate change and polar science.
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Selected media coverage
Reuters, UK (via the Daily Mail, UK): Seaweed farming, a sudden slimy success, needs greener rules: U.N., click here
United News of India: Perils of booming seaweed industry – a warning, click here
National Geographic, USA: Booming Seaweed Farming Exposes Producers and Environment to Risks, Experts Warn, click here
Süddeutsche Zeitung, Germany: Die Sushi-Krise, click here
Agencia EFE, Spain: Expertos alertan sobre riesgos al sector de algas para consumo humano, click here
Medical Daily, USA: Health Benefits Of Seaweed And 5 Ways To Get It Into Your Diet, click here
The Scotsman: Ilona Amos: Growing seaweed industry must steer clear of tangles, click here
The Times, UK: Taking the plunge to harvest ‘gold standard’ seaweed, click here
The National, Scotland: Scotland urged to capitalise on seaweed crop, click here
Local Express, Canada: Booming seaweed biz needs stricter safeguards, says UN agency, click here
Food Navigator, France: Soaring seaweed demand raises environmental concerns for Asia, click here
Food Ingredients First, The Netherlands: Booming Seaweed Industry is Flourishing as the West Capitalizes on Crop, click here
The Fish Site, UK: Seaweed Farming Industry Advised to Avoid Common Pitfalls, click here
FIS, Canada: Experts offer advice for seaweed industry to remain sustainable, click here
BBC World Service, UK
CBS Radio, USA
Full coverage summary, click here
News release in full, click here